Sueño y riesgo cardiometabólico. Revisión narrativa / Sleep and cardiometabolic risk. Narrative revision

Objetivos Los trastornos del sueño, incluyendo el sueño interrumpido y el de corta duración son altamente prevalentes y están, prospectivamente, asociados con un incremento en el riesgo de varias enfermedades crónicas, incluyendo cardiometabólicas, neurodegenerativas y autoinmunes.Material y métodosEsta es una revisión narrativa de la literatura basada en numerosos artículos publicados en revistas sometidas a un proceso de revisión por pares desde el comienzo de este siglo.ResultadosLa relación entre los trastornos del sueño y la desregulación metabólica ha sido claramente establecida, fundamentalmente en el contexto de la epidemia moderna de la enfermedad cardiometabólica, una constelación de condiciones que incluyen obesidad, resistencia a la insulina, hipertensión arterial y dislipidemia, todas ellas consideradas como factores mayores de riesgo para enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica (ECVA) y sus expresiones clínicas como el ictus isquémico, el infarto de miocardio y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Se requiere de instrumentos clínicamente viables para medir la duración y la calidad del sueño durante estudios de rutina y de intervención.ConclusionesEl momento, la cantidad y la duración del sueño son críticos en reducir la carga de los factores de riesgo para varias enfermedades crónicas, incluyendo la ECVA y la DM2, siendo de mayor relevancia en las personas jóvenes. Investigaciones futuras deben esclarecer la efectividad de las intervenciones multimodales para contrarrestar el riesgo del sueño corto para un mejor estilo vida a lo largo del continuo del cuidado de la salud, especialmente en la población joven. (AU)

Objectives Sleep disturbances, including disrupted sleep and short sleep duration, are highly prevalent and are prospectively associated with an increased risk for various chronic diseases, including cardiometabolic, neurodegenerative, and autoimmune diseases.Material and methodsThis is a narrative review of the literature based on numerous articles published in peer-reviewed journals since the beginning of this century.ResultsThe relationship between sleep disorders and metabolic dysregulation has been clearly established, mainly in the setting of modern epidemic of cardiometabolic disease, a cluster of conditions include obesity, insulin resistance, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidaemia, all of them considered as main risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) and its clinical expression such as ischemic ictus, myocardial infarction and type 2 diabetes. Clinically viable tools to measure sleep duration and quality are needed for routine screening and intervention.ConclusionsIn view of what has been exposed in this review, it is evident that the timing, amount, and quality of sleep are critical to reduce the burden of risk factors for several chronic disease, including ACVD and type 2 diabetes, and most relevant in young people. Future research studies should elucidate the effectiveness of multimodal interventions to counteract the risk of short sleep for optimal patient outcomes across the healthcare continuum, especially in young people. (AU)

Sleep and cardiometabolic risk. Narrative revision. / Sueño y riesgo cardiometabólico. Revisión narrativa.

OBJECTIVES: Sleep disturbances, including disrupted sleep and short sleep duration, are highly prevalent and are prospectively associated with an increased risk for various chronic diseases, including cardiometabolic, neurodegenerative, and autoimmune diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a narrative review of the literature based on numerous articles published in peer-reviewed journals since the beginning of this century. RESULTS: The relationship between sleep disorders and metabolic dysregulation has been clearly established, mainly in the setting of modern epidemic of cardiometabolic disease, a cluster of conditions include obesity, insulin resistance, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidaemia, all of them considered as main risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) and its clinical expression such as ischemic ictus, myocardial infarction and type 2 diabetes. Clinically viable tools to measure sleep duration and quality are needed for routine screening and intervention. CONCLUSIONS: In view of what has been exposed in this review, it is evident that the timing, amount, and quality of sleep are critical to reduce the burden of risk factors for several chronic disease, including ACVD and type 2 diabetes, and most relevant in young people. Future research studies should elucidate the effectiveness of multimodal interventions to counteract the risk of short sleep for optimal patient outcomes across the healthcare continuum, especially in young people.

Approach to the cardiometabolic continuum. Narrative description. / Aproximación al continuo cardiometabólico. Descripción narrativa.

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) is the major adverse outcome in the evolution of several metabolic conditions. For around several decades, the cardiovascular continuum has been used as a fantastic tool to explain the evolution of ACVD from the onset of risk factor, to clinical outcomes, and to death. Nowadays, metabolic diseases such as obesity, prediabetes, and type2 diabetes have been increasing enough to become serious public health problems and notorious contributors to the morbidity and mortality rates due to ACVD, including arterial hypertension. Other conditions seem to increase the list, such as: physical inactivity with its metabolic cluster, sarcopenia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Moreover, obesity in childhood has been growing at an exponential rate so the excess of adiposity in children and adolescents will translate into an excess of cardiometabolic risk in adults. Several longitudinal studies confirm the strong association of paediatric obesity with the persistence of adult obesity, as well as the future development of cardiometabolic conditions, such as prediabetes, diabetes, obesity, increased risk of arterial hypertension, and ACVD. Therefore, it is time to conceptualise the cardiometabolic continuum as a tool of an early, wider and preventive intervention in order to reduce the morbidity and mortality due to ACVD.

Nutrición cardiometabólica en el mundo real de la práctica clínica / Cardiometabolic nutrition in the real world of clinical practice

La importancia de la nutrición en modificar el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica (ECVA) se ha enfatizado repetidas veces. Históricamente, el papel de los componentes dietarios ha sido el foco predominante; sin embargo, los alimentos, típicamente, se consumen en combinación más que aisladamente. En los últimos años, se ha puesto una mayor atención a los patrones dietarios y su relación con eventos clínicos del tipo de la ECVA, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y obesidad; paradójicamente, existe una brecha en la educación nutricional en las escuelas de medicina de todo el mundo. Por lo general, una dieta no saludable está asociada con alteraciones cardiometabólicas, una condición clínica que, gradualmente, puede empeorar y conducir a diversos factores comunes de riesgo de enfermedades crónicas, a mayor morbilidad y mortalidad y menoscabo en la calidad de vida. El público en general debe satisfacer la cantidad de calorías requeridas con una variedad de alimentos densos en nutrientes que abarquen todos los grupos de alimentos para mantener la salud a largo plazo. El estilo de patrones saludables de comer varía individualmente y frecuentemente refleja las preferencias culturales y personales. Una alimentación no saludable puede causar una elevación de la producción posprandial de insulina e hipersecreción crónica de insulina e hiperinsulinemia, lo cual promueve la acumulación de grasa, previene la lipólisis y causa incremento en el riesgo de desarrollar ECVA, obesidad y diabetes tipo(AU)

The importance of nutrition in modifying the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) has been repeatedly emphasized. Historically, the role of dietary components has been the predominant focus; however, foods are typically consumed in combinations rather than individually. Over the last few years, increasing attention has been given to dietary patterns and their relationship to clinical events such as ACVD, type 2 diabetes and obesity; paradoxically, there is a gap in nutrition education in medical school around the globe. An unhealthy diet is usually associated with cardiometabolic alterations, a clinical situation that can progressively worse, potentially leading to various common risk factors, increased morbidity and mortality, and reduced quality of life. People should aim to fulfill their recommended calorie intake with a variety of nutrient-dense foods that span all food groups to boost long-term health. Healthy eating styles may vary from individual to individual and frequently reflect cultural and personal preferences. An unhealthy diet may cause a high postprandial insulin production and chronic insulin hypersecretion and hyperinsulinemia, which promote fat storage, prevent lipolysis and cause increased the risk for developing ACVD, obesity and type 2 diabetes

Sedentarismo, la enfermedad del siglo xxi / Sedentary lifestyle a disease from xxi century

El sedentarismo y la inactividad física son altamente prevalentes globalmente y están asociados a un amplio rango de enfermedades crónicas y muerte prematura. El interés en la conducta sedentaria está justificado por la creciente evidencia que apunta hacia una relación entre esta conducta y el incremento en la prevalencia de obesidad, diabetes y enfermedad cardiovascular. A través de la historia es bien conocido que ser inactivo no es saludable, pero hoy día casi un tercio de la población del mundo es inactiva, lo que representa un serio problema de salud pública

Sedentarism and physical inactivity is highly prevalent globally, and are associated with a wide range of chronic diseases and premature deaths. The interest in sedentary behaviour is justified by a growing body of evidence that points to a relationship between this lifestyle and the increase in the prevalence of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It has been known throughout history that being inactive is unhealthy, but nowadays almost one-third of the world's population is inactive, thus representing a major public health problem

Sedentary lifestyle a disease from xxi century. / Sedentarismo, la enfermedad del siglo xxi.

Sedentarism and physical inactivity is highly prevalent globally, and are associated with a wide range of chronic diseases and premature deaths. The interest in sedentary behaviour is justified by a growing body of evidence that points to a relationship between this lifestyle and the increase in the prevalence of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It has been known throughout history that being inactive is unhealthy, but nowadays almost one-third of the world's population is inactive, thus representing a major public health problem.